Difference between revisions of "3M"

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[[Category:Manufacturer]]
 
[[Category:Manufacturer]]
 
[[Category:Signals]]
 
[[Category:Signals]]
 
[[Category:Control]]
 
[[Category:Control]]
Some really random text about 3M's traffic division here. (Also, be sure to reference that they made a bi-modal, time-programmable sign, too!)<br>
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[[Category:Lenses]]
'''''This page is a work in progress!''''' <br>
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<br>
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<font size="3">'''''This page is a work in progress!'''''</font> <br>
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=Company History=
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From 1969 to 2007, 3M produced signals and adapters designed to enhance signal visibility to both drivers and pedestrians. Their most iconic and well-known product is the [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|M-131]].
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=Full Signals & Signal Inserts (M Series)=
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==M-123 Programmable Visibility Traffic Signal==
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[[File:3mm123engine10.jpg|200px|thumb|left|3M M-123 paired with an 8" [[Checker]]. <br>(Photos by [[User:Engine10|Engine10.]])]]
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The M-123 was the first traffic signal ever made by 3M. They were most likely made a few years before 1969. It's original purpose was to have "high visibility"; more fully-lit and easier-to-see indications. It could also be used for "programmable visibility", which means the viewing area of the signal can be limited down to single lane.<br>
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This signal was a prototype. It is known as an early version of the [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|M-131]]. The [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|M-131]] signals are nearly identical to these; 3M sold them to cities that liked the idea and wanted to test them out. 3M tested them and made improvements as they saw fit. Finally, 3M released their final product as the all-new [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|M-131]] signal and began expanding their product line. <br>The main visible difference is that the rear lamp door/housing was cone-shaped, unlike the [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|M-131]]'s more faceted version The M-123's doors had the 2 hinges on top and the 2 wingnuts on the bottom instead of on either side. M-123s didn't have latches to secure the lenses, so they were prone to falling out if the door was opened. The tilt adjusters were on the front corners of the signal housing instead of on the connector. Finally, they were sand-casted, and somewhat heavier than M-[[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|M-131]]s.
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<br clear=all>
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'''Lenses''' <br>
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These were available with the following lenses:
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* Red Ball
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* Yellow Ball
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* Green Ball
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* Green Arrow
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<br clear=all>
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==M-123A Programmable Visibility Traffic Signal==
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=='''M-131 Programmable Visibility Traffic Signal'''==
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[[File:3M.jpg|200px|thumb|left|3M M-131 signal <br>(Image by [[User:Signal-in-the-box|signal-in-the-box]])]]
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[[File:3Mback.jpg|200px|thumb|right|3M M-131 signal <br>(Image by [[User:Signal-in-the-box|signal-in-the-box]])]]
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[[File:3Ms Charlottesville.jpg|200px|thumb|left|3M M-131 signals <br>(Image by [[User:Signal-in-the-box|signal-in-the-box]])]]
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[[File:3Ms Charlottesville 2jpg.jpg|200px|thumb|right|3M M-131 signals <br>(Image by [[User:Signal-in-the-box|signal-in-the-box]])]]
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[[File:3M Back Collage.png|200px|thumb|left|3M Back <br>(Image by [[User:3Mfanatic|3Mfanatic]] on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_CLkVh0P9I YouTube])]]
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[[File:3MM131HVS.jpg|200px|thumb|right|3M 131 Marketing Photo]]
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[[File:3M Inside Collage.png|200px|thumb|left|3M Inside <br>(Image by [[User:3Mfanatic|3Mfanatic]] on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_CLkVh0P9I YouTube])]]
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[[File:3M Logos.png|200px|thumb|left|Newer logo (left) compared to older logo (right)]]
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<br>
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'''''<u>[[#131overview|Overview]]</u><nowiki />, <u>[[#131construction|Construction]]</u><nowiki />, <u>[[#131lenses|Lenses]]</u><nowiki />, <u>[[#131masking|Masking Process]]</u><nowiki />, <u>[[#131uses|Uses/Advantages]]</u><nowiki />, <u>[[#131disadvantages|Disadvantages]]</u>'''''
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<br>
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<br>
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<div id="131overview"><u>'''~Overview~'''</u></div>
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<br>
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3M, the same company that makes well-known everyday products such as Scotch tape, entered the traffic control industry in 1969 with High-Visibility signals. These lights were unlike any other at the time in both design and operation. The most noticeable features are the square lenses and futuristic-looking housing. The also had special capabilities, such as High Visibility (giving a fuller, clearer indication) and, most notably, Programmable Visibility (being able to limit the viewing area to as little as a single lane). After modifying the [[#M-123 Programmable Visibility Prototype Signal|M-123 prototype signal]], 3M released the [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|M-131]] in 1969 and produced them until 2007 with only a few changes.
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<br><br>
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<div id="131construction"><u>'''~Construction~'''</u></div>
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<br>
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On the back of a 3M signal, there is a door; while most signals only have a front door, these signals are so large it is much easier to have two. This door serves as the access point and housing of the bulb. The bulb is a PAR 46 lamp, which has the filament and reflector all in one sealed piece, similar to those used in older car headlights and flood lights. The bulb is plugged into a socket back of the door, and is held in place with a metal retainer ring with a hinge and latch. While even in it's final years no LED lamps were offered by 3M, 3rd parties such as [[Leotek]] and [[Electro-Tech's]] did offer specialized LED lamps for programmable visibility signals. Using them may require the photocell dimming unit to be turned off, as they can't be dimmed like the PAR 46 bulbs. The photocell dimming unit is a light sensor which controls the brightness of the bulb depending on the outside brightness (bright daylight = maximum brightness, nighttime = low brightness). The back plug of the photocell dimming unit can be seen on the outside back of the signal, in the bottom right corner.
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<br>
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One the bottom right inside the door, there is a plug for the bulb which connects to the main housing. It only connects when the door is closed so the light turns off when the door is opened, preventing a service technician or anyone opening it from being blinded if the signal is still on. In the top right corner of the main housing behind the door, you will find the ID tag. The ID tag includes the [[#131serial|serial number]], of which each individual section of every signal had one.
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<br>
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Behind the door on the back of the main housing, there is a lens hole. In front of it, held on by two thumb screws, is a diffusing lens. This lens is what is responsible for distributing the light evenly, helping to give the 3M signal its clearer, brighter, [[#131uses|"High Visibility"]] indication. Around the diffusing lens is an aluminum collar that extends outward, to give a more direct path for the light from the bulb to the lens.
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<br>
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Behind the diffuser, inside the hole, the is another lens. This one, called the optical limiter, is a clear lens. This is where the special optical masking tape (that comes with signal) is applied to [[#131uses|limit the visibility]].
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<br>
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Inside the signal's main housing from the front, there isn't too much to it. You can see the front of the optical limiter lens. Around the lens hole is where all of the wiring runs and connects to the terminal block. It is all covered by a wire shield held in by 2 screws (one on the top and one on the bottom), which is black like the inside of the housing. On the front of the signal is the door. This is a thin frame that has two hinges on the left side and two latches on the right. It holds the [[#131lenses|lens]] inside of it with four latches, one in each corner. Read more about the lenses below. On the front, it has four screw holes, one in each corner, where the visor is attached.
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<br>
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The top and bottom of each section have connectors where the wires run through. These also control the angle of tilt - due to the precise aiming required by 3M signals, each section must be tilted individually (and all sections should have the same degree of tilt). There are two bolts on each connector, one on each side, which are put into different holes to achieve specific degrees of tilt; there are 6 holes in a line on each side, starting at 0 and going to 10 in increments of two.
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<br>
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The signal housing, including the doors and visors, is made of aluminum. Signal color could be specified when ordering; options included yellow, green and black. There were some parts that were always the same color, though: the inside of the housing was always black; the door frame was always black; and the photocell dimmer plug was always yellow.
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<br><br>
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Some design issues were changed over the course of production. An incomplete list includes:
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* '''Dimmer''' - The photocell dimmer and associated wiring was changed to support a larger-wattage resistor, housed in the back door. The dimmer was changed from PCD-111 to PCD-111A.
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* '''Bulb Plug''' - The bulb plug connecting the back door to the main housing always had 3-prongs, but originally it only used 2 of them. When the larger-wattage resistor for the dimmer was added in the door, the 3rd prong was used for that connection.
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* '''Housing Mold''' - The corners (around the hinges) and support ridges (on the top and bottom at the front) were modified at some point.
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* '''Logo''' - 3M's logo, displayed on the back of the back door, was changed at some point.
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* '''Diffuser Lens Collar''' - The aluminum collar around the diffuser lens was originally longer, but not too long after production began it was shortened.
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* '''Main Lens Corners''' - Older [[#131lenses|lenses]] were formed and have round corners, while newer [[#131lenses|lenses]] were made completely square and then had the corners trimmed off.
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<br><br>
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<div id="131lenses"><u>'''~Lenses~'''</u></div>
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<br>
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The lenses in 3M signals are unique in appearance because they're square, and they're even more unique in operation. The are made of plastic and have a frensel pattern on the inside. This greatly magnifies the light going through it, which is very important for the [[#131masking|masking process]]. The black mask is printed on the inside, outside, or on both sides of the lens, and determined what shape it shows when illuminated. Also unlike typical lenses, these could be rotated (in increments of 90°, of course) as needed.
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<br>
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Older lenses were formed and have round corners, while newer lenses were made completely square and then had the corners trimmed off. All lenses had a number stamped onto the outer side, possibly a production run number, while they also had one on the inner side, possibly showing part number or revision of the fresnel design.
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Here is the list of known lenses for M-131 signals:
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<br>
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[[File:3mweighstationpyth.jpg|200px|thumb|right|3M M-131 with special weigh station lenses. Photo by Pyth.]]
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{| class="wikitable" margin="5px"
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|-
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|<u>'''Standard'''</u>
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|<u>'''Special***'''</u>
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|-
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|'''''Balls'''''
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* Red
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* Yellow
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* Green
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'''''Arrows (90°; Left, Right, Upwards, or Downwards*)'''''
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* Red
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* Yellow
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* Green
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'''''Diagonal Arrows (45°; Leftward Rightward)'''''
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* Red (long head)
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* Yellow (long head)
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* Green (long head)
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* Red (short head)**
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* Yellow (short head)**
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* Green (short head)**
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|'''''Light Rail Symbols'''''
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* Clear Straight Line (Vertical or Horizontal)
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* Clear Diagonal Line (Leftward or Rightward)
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* Clear Arrow (Left, Right, Upwards, or Downwards)
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* Clear "T"
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* Red "T"
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* Yellow "T"
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* Green "T"
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* Red "BUS"
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* Yellow "BUS"
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* Green "BUS"
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'''''Quebec Shapes'''''
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* Red Square
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* Yellow Diamond
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'''''Special Worded'''''
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* <nowiki>[There are a few known signals with custom-ordered worded lenses, often at weigh stations.]</nowiki>
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|}
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<br>
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<nowiki>* Downwards green arrows were only used for ramp metering</nowiki>
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<br>
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<nowiki>** Short head diagonal arrows are rare compared to the long head arrows, and their exact origin is unknown - it's believed they were an early version of 3M diagonal arrow</nowiki>
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<br>
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<nowiki>*** These are special lenses that were used occasionally in 3M signals, but were not standard</nowiki>
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<br><br>
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[[File:3MMasking.jpg‎|200px|thumb|right|3M 131 Masking Demonstration]]
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[[File:3M Masking.png|200px|thumb|right|These images from the 3M masking video show the steps for masking a 3M signal for a single turn lane.]]
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<div id="131masking"><u>'''~Masking Process~'''</u></div>
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<br>
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The masking process begins by looking straight through the optical limiter lens through the back of the signal. You can see the roadway that the signal is facing. Because it is a convex lens, the roadway will appear flipped 180°. With special optical masking tape that comes with the signal, you cover the areas of the road that you see through the lens for which you don't want the signal to be visible. Yes, it look all flipped around - but just like what you see through it is flipped, so will be the light that comes out, so it all works out in the end. The tape needs to be perfectly flat on the glass with no air bubbles to work properly. You can see videos explaining the masking process [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdRnD4Yy92k here (part 1)] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsDN5pnDEWU here (part 2)].<br>
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This works because the [[#131lenses|main front lens]] has a fresnel pattern. This greatly magnifies the the light behind it. So instead of just looking like a partly lit lens, you see a zoomed-in portion of that, either the lit or the masked part depending on where you are. Think of it like scrolling around on a zoomed in image.
  
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[[File:3M Charlottesville Angles.jpg|250px|thumb|left|3M M-131 signals shown from both viewing angles <br>(Image by [[User:Signal-in-the-box|signal-in-the-box]])]]
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<br><br>
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<div id="131uses"><u>'''~Uses/Advantages~'''</u></div>
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<br>
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'''''PROGRAMMABLE VISIBILITY'''''
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* '''Viewing Area Limiting'''
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With PV signals, you can limit the viewing area to anywhere from one approach at an intersection to a single lane at that approach. This is ideal for skewed intersections, where you could see the traffic signals of a different approach; turn signals, that cycle independently and might distract through traffic; divided intersections, where some lanes are signalized while others aren't; ramp metering, where each lane's signal cycles independently; and signals for bus/transit lanes, that might confuse vehicle traffic.
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<br>
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This is accomplished by applying optical masking tape to one or both sides of the optical limiter lenses. See more on the [[#131masking|masking process]] above.
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* '''Viewing Distance Limiting'''
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Another feature of these signals is the ability to limit the distance of the visibility. This is ideal for multiple intersections that are very close to each other. Drivers might look ahead and see signals showing green at the wrong intersection, which can cause confusion and accidents.
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<br>
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Distance limiting is accomplished by applying optical masking tape to the bottom of the optical limiter lens (it's applied to the bottom, not the top, because the light flips 180° when it travels through the lens). See more about the [[#131masking|masking process]] above.
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<br><br>
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[[File:3M Comparison.png|275px|thumb|right|These images from the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Pdh6yk258A 3M promotional video] compare the 3M signal display quality to that of a normal traffic signal]]
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'''''HIGH VISIBILITY'''''
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* '''Fuller Indication'''
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The 3M PV signal is also made to have fuller, clearer indications. The diffusing lens inside evenly distributes the lights, and the [[#131lenses|front lens]] has a fresnel pattern which magnifies the light and makes it appear even clearer.
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<br>
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There is no bulb "hot spot" on the lens. And since the whole lens is lit at its fullest, it can be seen better and from farther away (within the programmed visibility limits, of course).
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* '''No Sun Phantoming'''
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Sun phantoming is a condition with traffic signals where the sun shines in through the lens, reflects of the reflectors and shines back out the lens, making all indications appear to be lit even when they aren't. This can be a serious problem at major intersections.
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<br>
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In a 3M signal, because it would have to go through 4 lenses (including the cover of the PAR 46 bulb), into the bulb's small reflector and back out, there is little opportunity for that to happen.
  
=3M Brand=
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<br><br>
==Overview==
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<div id="131disadvantages"><u>'''~Disadvantages~'''</u></div>
===Past===
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<br>
===Current===
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* 3M signals were far more expensive than regular traffic signals. To achieve visibility limiting, many places opted to simply attach louvers on their existing signals. Though they couldn't limit the visibility as extensively, and they also block some of the light output even for the direction they face.
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* 3M signals used PAR 46 bulbs, similar to those used in flood lights. They have shorter lives, higher temperatures, and are considerably more expensive than regular light bulbs.
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* 3M signals were also heavy; a 3-section 3M weighs around 65 pounds, 15 heavier than a typical traffic light. This made installation difficult. 3M made it slightly better by having a terminal block in every section instead of just one, so they could wire it it out through any section depending on how they are installed.
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* And, while 3M was the first to create such a signal, in more recent years (as early as 1997) they have had some competition. [[#McCain Programmable Visibility Signals|McCain Traffic]] and [[Intelight]] (previously [[OptiSoft]]) both make programmable visibility signals. <br>The [[McCain]] PV Signal was developed in early 2000s, and is nearly identical in design to 3M PV signals. Many parts are interchangeable with the M-131 as well, including the Light Shield, Diffusing Lens, Masking Lens, Bulbs (LED or Incandescent), and Wire Terminals. McCain's PV signals use round lenses (overcoming one of the drawbacks to 3M's square lenses) and they use standard 12" visors which makes them easier to replace.<br>Intelight signals are very different in design but utilize the latest LED technology, which makes far better in that regard.<br>This competition is part of the reason behind declining sales which led to 3M dropping out of the traffic signal industry in 2007.
  
=Products=
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<br><br>
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<div id="131serial"><u>'''~Serial Numbers~'''</u></div>
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<br>
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All 3M signals were given a serial number. A small decal, about 1" x 2" in size, was placed on the back of the housing inside the back door. A serial number was stamped onto this decal. Many lights were given sequential numbers for each head - i.e. Red would be "100", Yellow then "101", and Green "102". There were at least four versions of the decal, with the two common being known as the 'Old Style' and 'New Style'.
  
==Programmable Visibility Signals==
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[[3M_ID_Numbers|<u>A list of known serial numbers owned by collectors can be found here</u>]].
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<br><br><br><br><br><br>
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<br clear=all>
  
===Vehicle Signals (12")===
 
  
====M-123 Programmable Visibility Prototype Signal====
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==M-131 Programmable Visibility Pedestrian Signal==
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[[File:3M-131-Ped3.JPG|200px|thumb|left|3M M-131 Pedestrian Signal <br>(Image by [[User:Signal-in-the-box|signal-in-the-box]])]]
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[[File:3M-131-Ped2.JPG|300px|thumb|right|3M M-131 Pedestrian Signal <br>(Image by [[User:Signal-in-the-box|signal-in-the-box]])]]
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[[File:3M-131-Ped1.JPG|200px|thumb|right|3M M-131 Pedestrian Signal <br>(Image by [[User:Signal-in-the-box|signal-in-the-box]])]]
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This M-131 PV pedestrian signal is exactly the same as the [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|<u>M-131 vehicle signal</u>]], except with different lenses.
  
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'''Lenses'''<br>
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The following lenses were available for these signals:
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* Portland Orange HAND Symbol
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* Lunar White MAN Symbol
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* Portland Orange "DONT WALK"
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* Lunar White "WALK"
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* Red "DONT WALK"
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* Green "WALK"
  
====M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal====
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<br clear=left>
[[File:3M.jpg|200px|thumb|right|3M M-131 signal]]
 
[[File:3Mback.png|200px|thumb|right|3M M-131 signal]]
 
  
Info I have saved on 3Ms, feel free to rip apart, correct, reword, whatever. I think Andrew's 3M might be the best for pictures. It's the cleanest and has the least surrounding clutter. Both a front picture and a back picture would be ideal. -Pyth
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==M-131R "Bimodal" (Shape-Changing) P.V. Traffic Signal==
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[[File:M131R Stages.png|120px|thumb|left|Different views that a driver could see approaching an M-131R lens. <br>(Image by [[User:Coytll|coytll]])]]
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[[File:131R.jpg|thumb|right|The M-131R signal <br>(Image by [[User:Coyttl|coyttl]])]]
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[[File:131R Lens.jpg|thumb|right|The M-131R lens from the inside <br>(Image by [[User:Coyttl|coyttl]])]]
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This is a unique signal; nothing quite like it has ever been made. It features what appears to be a ball indication from a distance, but as you get closer, it turns into an arrow. (3M called this a "bimodal" signal, though normally bimodal only refers to indications that change color.)
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<br><br>
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Here's how it works:
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<br>
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The portion of the ball surrounding the arrow on the lens features the normal 3M fresnel pattern to it, which magnifies the light. The arrow part, however, has a prismatic pattern, which reflects light out in every direction. Because of this, where the signal is masked off like normal and you can't see the ball, you can still see the arrow.
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<br>
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Unlike the PV signals, you don't want to limit the visibility; in fact, the purpose of this is to extend it (arrows can sometimes be difficult to see from far away, which is a problem this signal solves). Instead, the masking is done just to set the point of proximity at which the indication appears to change. This is done by applying masking tape to the top of the optical limiter lens, so that direct light does not shine out as you get close to the signal (since the light flips 180° as it passes through). Since only direct light can pass through in the ball area, that part appears dark. The arrow portion, with its prismatic texture, takes the light coming from the bottom of the lens and sends it out in all directions, so it can still be seen.
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<br>
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From far away, when the arrow and surrounding area are lit, it looks like a normal ball (though you may be able to see the faint outline of an arrow).
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<br><br>
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The housing of these signal sections are identical to the [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signals|M-131 signals]], except that they have different connectors. To get the right viewing angle, these signals must be mounted with a tilt angle of 0°. These connectors are at 0° and can't be adjusted.
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<br><br>
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Because of the specific horizontal-lined texture in the arrow, the lens would not work correctly if rotated (except for in 180° increments. Different lenses had to be made for turn arrows and vertical arrows. Here is a list of the '''<u>known versions that were made</u>''':
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* Green Upwards Arrow + Ball
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* Red Turn Arrow + Ball
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It is likely that left/right, upwards, left diagonal, and right diagonal versions in red or green could be custom-ordered, though none other than those listed are known to exist (most likely not in yellow for obvious reasons). 3M only advertised the green upwards arrow version, but the red turn arrow version exists (albeit rare) in California.
  
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<br><br>
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<br clear=all>
  
3M, the same company that makes well-known everyday products such as Scotch tape, entered the traffic control industry in 1969 with High-Visibility signals. These lights were unlike any other at the time in both design and operation. They featured PAR-46 lamps in the back of the signal, with an opening back housing that had an auto-disconnect to prevent electrical shock. This light would shine through multiple layers, which helped prevent a condition known as the 'sun phantom effect', where a signal would appear to be lit in all 3 indications during sunrise or sunset. The unique signal build also offered 'programmable visibility', where a technician could mask off parts of the road the signal faced so only certain lanes or areas saw the signal indication, while masked off areas saw the signal as off or very very dimly lit. At a time before louvers, this was very helpful in congested or crammed areas where drivers could be confused or overwhelmed by the number of signals lit. This unique feature came at it's own cost, however. A 3-section M-131, the most common model, weighs in at around 65 pounds, whereas the average 3-section 12" head comes in at around 40 pounds. Also, as mentioned, the M-131 uses PAR-46 lamps, which have much shorter lives than the average signal bulbs, and cost considerably more each. The PAR-46 bulbs also get incredibly hot after being on for a while, which is an inconvenience for collectors and field technicians. McCain produces a near-identical line of High-Visiblity Signals as well, which are understood to cost less but weigh around 80 pounds per 3-section head. 3M stopped producing this line in 2007, due to decreasing orders. Many collectors like to have at least one of these signals due to their unusual design.
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==M-132 "Dynamic" (Indication-Changing) P.V. Pedestrian Signal==
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[[File:M-132 1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|3M M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal <br>(Image by [[User:RYGDWW|RYGDWW]])]]
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[[File:M-132 2.jpg|200px|thumb|left|3M M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal <br>(Image by [[User:RYGDWW|RYGDWW]])]]
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[[File:M-132 3.jpg|200px|thumb|right|3M M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal <br>(Image by [[User:RYGDWW|RYGDWW]])]]
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[[File:M-132 4.jpg|200px|thumb|left|3M M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal <br>(Image by [[User:RYGDWW|RYGDWW]])]]
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[[File:M-132 5.jpg|200px|thumb|right|3M M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal <br>(Image by [[User:RYGDWW|RYGDWW]])]]
  
LED inserts are offered by third party manufacturers (link to Electrotech and whoever else made them), but they usually require the removal of the photocell dimming unit to ensure proper function.
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<big>---IN PROGRESS---</big>
  
====M-131R Bimodal (Ball/Arrow) Signal====
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<br clear=all>
  
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==M-133 "Dual-Indication" (Color-Changing) P.V. Traffic Signal==
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The 3M "dual indication" signal is what would generally be called a Bimodal arrow by most people in the traffic industry. In one section, it can switch between a green and yellow arrow. While this would be accomplished with fiber-optics in normal signals, that would not work for programmable visibility signals, so 3M's system was much more complicated.
 +
<br>
 +
The M-133 housing was identical to that of the [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signals|M-131 signal]], with the exception of an extra attachment on the side that houses a motor. The signal is masked and the tilt is set in exactly the same way. The only difference is the way it functions.
 +
<br>
 +
The front arrow lens is clear. Insides the housing, where there would normally be empty space, is a round lens held in place by wheels that are attached to the motor. Half of it is green and half of it is yellow.  There is a black cover behind the bottom half of the lens, so only one color is exposed at a time. When the protected turn phase starts, the light turns on with the green half of the lens showing. When the phase is over, the motor kicks in and quickly spins the lens so the yellow have is showing. The transition is fast and fairly smooth. After the yellow clearance phase is completed, the light goes out and the motor spins the lens (at a slower speed) back into the green position, awaiting the next arrow phase.
  
====M-133 Dual-Indication (Green/Yellow) Signal====
+
<br clear=all>
  
 +
==M-150 High Visibility Module==
 +
[[File:3M M-150 1.jpg|210px|thumb|left|The M-150 System.<br> Image by [[User:Rich192]] ]]
 +
[[File:3M M-150 2.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The M-150 System.<br> Image by [[User:Rich192]] ]]
 +
[[File:3M M-150 4.jpg|210px|thumb|right|The M-150 System.<br> Image by [[User:Rich192]] ]]
 +
[[File:3M M-150 3.jpg|300px|thumb|left|The M-150 System.<br> Image by [[User:Rich192]] ]]
 +
The 3M M-150 Lens & Reflector System was created by 3M to give regular 12" traffic signals some of the [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|M-131 signal]]'s features.<br>
 +
The M-150 is installed almost exactly like a modern LED module. The signal's original socket, reflectors & lens would be removed; the M-150 unit has all of those in it. The wires that went to the original socket are rewired to the back of the unit. It is then fitted into the door just like the lens was.<br>
 +
The front extended part is a dual diffusing lens (dome-shaped on the inside, cylinder-shaped on the outside). These inserts offered the High Visibility feature of the [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|M-131 signal]] (having a fuller, brighter & clearer indication, compared to that of a typical incandescent signal). It did not have the Programmable Visibility feature, because the masking would have to be applied too close to the light source to have the proper effect. These were available in green, yellow, and red balls, and likely all color arrows as well.<br>
  
===Pedestrian Signals (12")===
+
DISCONTINUATION:<br>
 +
3M discontinued these early on, because they caused an effect called 'sun phantoming', which occurs when the sun shines through the lens and is reflected back out by the reflector, making it look like all indications are lit.<br>
 +
<br clear=all>
  
====M-131 P.V. Pedestrian Signal====
+
=Adapters & Enlargers (SA Series)=
  
 +
==SA-130 Programmable Visibility Adapter==
  
====M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal====
+
==SA-130A Programmable Visibility Adapter==
 +
[[File:3M SA-130.jpg|200px|thumb|left|An all-3M adaptor signal. (Image by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/busman_49/7489369482 busman_49])]]
 +
[[File:3m8inpyth.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The adapter.]][[File:3m8inmaskedpyth.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A masked adapter.]]
 +
3M never made full 8" traffic signals; however, they did make programmable visibility attachments that can be put on any normal 8" housing. They are mounted in the door, taking the place of the lens & visor, but it utilizes the existing reflector and bulb. A page showing how these attachments are installed can be found [http://highwaydivides.com/showthread.php?998-Installing-an-8-quot-3M-PV-Attachment here].<br>
 +
The interior of these attachments is similar to that of 3M's 12" signals. It has a regular lens at the outside end, and a diffusing lens on the inside end. Unlike the 12" signals, though, there is no optical limiter lens (a clear lens where the optical masking tape is applied to limit the area of visibility), so the optical masking tape is put directly on the diffusing lens. It still works in the same way. Finally, on the end of these adapters, a small visor is attached. Without the visor, these adapters are about the same size as normal tunnel visors.<br>
  
==Programmable Visibility Adapters/Converters==
+
'''Lenses'''
 +
* Red Ball
 +
* Yellow Ball
 +
* Green Ball
 +
* Green Arrow
  
===Vehicle Signal Adapter (8")===
+
(Though they may have been a special order option, no yellow or red arrows are known to have existed.)
 +
<br clear="all">
  
====SA-130 (Adapter attachment)====
+
==SA-810 Traffic Signal Enlarger==
 +
If enlargers need to be used on two consecutive sections of a signal (for example, the 2 green indications on a 4-section R–Y–G–GA signal), there would not be enough space. The [[#SA-812|SA-812]] 12" enlarger extends slightly over both sections around it in order to... well, enlarge... and you would not be able to fit a second one beneath it.<br>
 +
That is what the SA-810 is for; it is designed specifically to fit under an [[#SA-812|SA-812]]. It is almost exactly the same as the [[#SA-812|SA-812]], except that it bends down at the top (instead of up) to fit beneath and match the curvature of the other one. Because of the height limitation, the lens is only 10"x12". And due to that irregular size, they were only available with green left or right arrows. Horizontal arrows are the only indications that would be able to fit while remaining the correct size.<br>
 +
The name of this product means "'''S'''ignal '''A'''daptor '''-''' '''8''' inch to '''10''' inch"
  
 +
==SA-812 Traffic Signal Enlarger==
 +
Patented on December 17 1973, this enlarger unit converts a typical 8" signal indication to a 12" indication. The enlarger mounts where the visor would go on the signal's door. It is essentially a box that expands around an 8-inch lens to fit a door with a 12-inch lens.<br>
 +
The signal's original 8-inch lens is replaced with a glass diffusing lens. The enlarger is attached in the place of the visor using the visor's screws. It is octagon-shaped where it attaches to the door; as it extends outward, the slanted sides (which are triangle-shaped) become the corners of the square-shaped front. A square lens slides into the lens holder/front door of the unit, which has a 12" circular hole for the indication to shine through. The door then simply slides into place on the front of the enlarger. <br>
 +
With this setup, the light shines through the 8" lens, into the enlarger and out the 12" lens, generating a larger and more visible indication with the same amount of light and without having to replace the signal.<br>
 +
3M specifically noted that these enlargers would not fit [[Eagle]] Durasig signals or any [[Traffic Signals, Inc.|TSI]] signals. They offered special clips needed when mounting on Crouse-Hinds signals.<br>
 +
The name of this product means "'''S'''ignal '''A'''daptor '''-''' '''8''' inch to '''12''' inch"
  
===Vehicle Signal Converter (12")===
+
==SA-810 Pedestrian Signal Enlarger==
 +
This enlarger uses the same body as the [[#SA-810|SA-810]] with the lens & door of a [[#SA-910|SA-910]].<br>
 +
<br>
 +
The name of this product means "'''S'''ignal '''A'''dapter '''-''' '''8''' inch to '''10''' inch '''W'''ALK"
  
====M-150 (Lens/Reflector System)====
+
==SA-812 Pedestrian Signal Enlarger==
 +
This enlarger uses the same body as the [[#SA-812|SA-812]] with the lens & door of a [[#SA-912|SA-912]].<br>
 +
<br>
 +
The name of this product means "'''S'''ignal '''A'''dapter '''-''' '''8''' inch to '''12''' inch '''D'''ONT '''W'''ALK"
  
 +
==SA-910 Pedestrian Signal Enlarger==
 +
This enlarger is for the WALK section of a pedestrian signal. The [[#SA-912|SA-912]] is for the DONT WALK section.<br>
 +
<br>
 +
This enlarger section has a 10"x12" lens. It is smaller because it needs to fit beneath the [[#SA-912|SA-912]] adaptor on a pedestrian signal. The [[#SA-912|SA-912]] (DONT WALK), which is a full 12"x12", extends slightly over the WALK section. In order to match the curvature, the top of this adaptor bends downward, instead of upward like the [[#SA-912|SA-912]]. Other than that, they are exactly the same.<br>
 +
The DONT WALK indication needs to be largest because it has two lines of text, and the WALK indication only has one. In a normal signal, the DONT WALK and WALK lenses are the same size, and the WALK has blank space on the top and bottom. That extra space could be cut off and the WALK indication would remain the correct size, which is essentially what was done with these.<br>
 +
Like the [[#SA-912|SA-912]], this adaptor is attached where the visor would go on a signal, using the visors screws. The original lens is replaced with a clear or colored plastic diffusing lens. The outer lens, a plastic frensel lens that says WALK in 4½" white lettering, is displayed on the front of the adaptor. <br>
 +
The name of this product means "'''S'''ignal '''A'''daptor '''-''' '''9''' inch to '''10''' inch"
 +
 +
==SA-912 Pedestrian Signal Enlarger==
 +
This enlarger is for the DONT WALK section of a pedestrian signal. The [[#SA-910|SA-910]] is for the WALK section.<br>
 +
<br>
 +
The enlarger mounts where the visor would go on the signal's door. It is essentially a box that expands around a 9-inch lens to fit a door with a 12-inch lens.<br>
 +
The signal's original 9-inch lens is replaced with a clear or colored plastic diffusing lens. The enlarger is attached in the place of the visor using the visor's screws. It is square-shaped at both ends. A square DONT WALK plastic frensel lens with red 4½" lettering slides into the lens holder/front door of the unit, which acts as a frame for the lens. There is a lip around the inside edge of the door frame, to which the new visor attaches. The door then simply slides into place on the front of the enlarger. <br>
 +
With this setup, the light shines through the diffusing lens, into the enlarger and out the 12" lens, generating a larger and more visible indication with the same amount of light and without having to replace the pedestrian signal.<br>
 +
3M offered specific versions of these adaptors with slightly different attachments to fit Marbelite and Econolite pedestrian signals.<br>
 +
The name of this product means "'''S'''ignal '''A'''daptor '''-''' '''9''' inch to '''12''' inch"
 +
 +
 +
<nowiki>'''NEED TO BE SORTED'''
 +
 +
 +
Signal Enlargers
  
==Signal Enlargers==
 
 
Signal enlarges are attachments mounted on a signal door that expand to fit a larger lens. Around the early 60s, larger signal indications were becoming more popular because visibility was becoming a greater concern. Installing enlargers on a signal was cheaper and easier than replacing it.<br>  
 
Signal enlarges are attachments mounted on a signal door that expand to fit a larger lens. Around the early 60s, larger signal indications were becoming more popular because visibility was becoming a greater concern. Installing enlargers on a signal was cheaper and easier than replacing it.<br>  
3M made 3 lines of signal enlargers; for vehicle signals, round-lens pedestrian signals, and square-lens pedestrian signals.  
+
3M made 3 lines of signal enlargers; for vehicle signals, round-lens pedestrian signals, and square-lens pedestrian signals. They were all reprimanded for not being built to 3M's strength & quality standards; they were made of thin, lightweight folded sheetmetal with many unsealsed slots on the corners and along the sides. They were mounted in the place of a signal's visor, using the exact same attachments.
 +
 
 +
<u><center>Vehicle Signal to Vehicle Signal</center></u>
  
[[File:3M-Vehicle-to-Vehicle-enlargers.png|200px|thumb|right|This image is from the 1975 3M catalog in the [http://signal-archive.d-domains.net/index.php?get_action=open_file&repository_id=848aab5691d621694ec96206dc2b69ca&file=%2F3M%2F3M%2012_'_'%20Signal%20Adapter%20%20SA%20Family%20%20Installation.pdf| document archive] shows the 812 (top) & 810 (bottom) enlargers.]]
+
[[File:3M-Vehicle-to-Vehicle-enlargers.png|top|250px|thumb|right|This image is from the 1975 3M catalog in the [http://signal-archive.d-domains.net/index.php?get_action=open_file&repository_id=848aab5691d621694ec96206dc2b69ca&file=%2F3M%2F3M%2012_'_'%20Signal%20Adapter%20%20SA%20Family%20%20Installation.pdf| document archive] shows the 812 (top) & 810 (bottom) enlargers.]]
===Vehicle Signal to Vehicle Signal===
+
[[File:3M-enlargers-diagram.png|top|275px|thumb|left|Diagram of SA-812 from the [http://signal-archive.d-domains.net/index.php?get_action=open_file&repository_id=848aab5691d621694ec96206dc2b69ca&file=%2F3M%2F3M%2012_'_'%20Signal%20Adapter%20%20SA%20Family%20%20Installation.pdf| document archive] ]]
 +
[[File:Marb3Menlarger1.jpg|top|275px|thumb|left|This is an SA-812, picture from http://www.trafficsignalmuseum.com/]]
  
====SA-812====
+
These were made to convert the display of typical 8" signals to that of a 12" signal.
The enlarger mounts where the visor would go on the signal's door. It is essentially a box that expands around an 8-inch lens to fit a door with a 12-inch lens.<br>
+
 
The signal's original 8-inch lens is replaced with a glass diffusing lens. The enlarger is attached in the place of the visor. It is octagon-shaped where it attaches to the door; as it extends outward, the slanted sides (which are triangle-shaped) become the corners of the square-shaped front. A square lens slides into the lens holder/front door of the unit, which has a 12" circular hole for the indication to shine through. The door then simply slides into place on the front of the enlarger. <br>
+
 
With this setup, the light shines through the 8" lens, into the enlarger and out the 12" lens, generating a larger and more visible indication with the same amount of light and without having to replace the signal.<br>
+
<u><center>Vehicle Signal to Pedestrian Signal</center></u>
3M specifically noted that these enlargers would not fit [[Eagle]] Durasig signals or any [[Traffic Signals, Inc.|TSI]] signals. They also offered special clips to use when mounting on Crouse-Hinds signals.
+
Though the 3M catalog specifically says these "''are adapters to enlarge 8" vehicle signals to 12" pedestrian signals''", they were most likely designed for round-lens [[Glossary#WAIT-WALK Pedestrian Signal|WAIT-WALK]] pedestrian signals (which used the same housing as vehicle signals).
 +
 
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
<u><center>Pedestrian Signal to Pedestrian Signal</center></u>
 +
[[File:3M-ped-enlargers-diagram.png|top|275px|thumb|left|Diagram of SA-912 from the [http://signal-archive.d-domains.net/index.php?get_action=open_file&repository_id=848aab5691d621694ec96206dc2b69ca&file=%2F3M%2F3M%2012_'_'%20Signal%20Adapter%20%20SA%20Family%20%20Installation.pdf| document archive's] 3M 1975 catalog.<br>If you notice, this image has 2 mistakes; the dotted signal behind it is a vehicle signal (instead of a pedestrian signal), and the back of the enlarger has an octagon shape (instead of square).]]
 +
[[File:3m ped enlargers 2.jpg|top|300px|thumb|right|3M 910 & 912 Enlargers. They are mounted on an [[Eagle]] Flatback pedestrian signal.]]
 +
[[File:3M-ped-to-ped-enlargers.jpg|top|200px|link=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Committee-hears-testimony-on-tolls-cameras-4307583.php#photo-2547822|thumb|left|This image from http://www.stamfordadvocate.com shows a pedestrian signal with 3M 912 & 910 enlargers in Washington D.C.<br>The signal has since been removed.]]
 +
[[File:3m ped enlargers 1.jpg|200px|thumb|right|3M 910 & 912 Enlargers]]
 +
[[File:3m_007_SSS.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The SA-910 diffusing lens (bottom) next to a normal 9" lens (top), which it would replace.]]
 +
 
 +
These were made to convert the display of typical 9" pedestrian signals to that of a 12" pedestrian signal.</nowiki>
 +
 
 +
<br clear=all>
  
====SA-810====
 
If enlargers need to be used on two consecutive sections of a signal (for example, the green indications on a 4-section R–Y–G–GA signal), there would not be enough space. The [[#SA-812|SA-812]] 12" enlarger would extend slightly over both sections around it in order to... well, enlarge... and you would not be able to fit a second one beneath it.<br>
 
That is what the SA-810 is for; it is designed specifically to fit under an [[#SA-812|SA-812]]. It only expands to 10"x12" (as opposed to 12"x12"), and bends slightly downward, around the [[#SA-812|SA-812]].<br>
 
It's exterior design, besides the height and curvature, is similar to the [[#SA-812|SA-812]].<br>
 
Due to the irregular lens size, they were only available with green left or right arrows.
 
  
 +
=Concept Products (Never Commercially Produced)=
  
===Vehicle Signal to Pedestrian Signal===
+
==M-XXX "Dual-Indication" P.V. Signal==
Though the 3M catalog specifically says these "''are adapters to enlarge 8" vehicle signals to 12" pedestrian signals''", they were most likely designed for round-lens [[Glossary:#WAIT-WALK|WAIT-WALK]] pedestrian signals.
 
  
====SA-812DW====
+
==M-XXX "Bimodal Doghouse" P.V. Signal==
This enlarger uses the same body as the [[#SA-812|SA-812]] with the lens & door of a [[#SA-912|SA-912]].
+
This signal had the same function as a doghouse, but in a 3-section signal. The top section was a red ball, the middle section was a 'maunual' bimodal yellow ball/arrow, and the bottom section was a 'manual' bimodal green ball/arrow. The 'manual' bimodal was different from the M-131R bimodal because it switched from arrow to ball manually, not based on proximity.
 +
<br>
 +
Nothing is known about have it worked. It likely never made it past the experimental phase, and was never sold on the market.
  
====SA-810W====
+
==PC-310 Signal Intensity Control System==
This enlarger uses the same body as the [[#SA-810|SA-810]] with the lens & door of a [[#SA-910|SA-910]].
 
  
[[File:3M-ped-to-ped-enlargers.jpg|200px|thumb|left|This image from http://www.stamfordadvocate.com shows a pedestrian signal with 3M enlargers in Washington D.C.<br>It has since been removed.<br>Click the image to enlarge it.]]
+
Nothing is known about this device. It was likely never sold on the market.
===Pedestrian Signal to Pedestrian Signal===
+
<br>
 +
Because of the name, it may possibly have been a system for similar to the [[#M-131 Programmable Visibility Signal|M-131's]] photocell dimmer unit, which changes the brightness of the signal depending on the brightness outside.
  
====SA-912====
 
  
  
====SA-910====
 
  
==Signs==
 
  
===Reflective===
+
=Signs=
  
 +
==Reflective==
 +
3M is a leader in the industry of reflective signage and sheeting, in addition to many other road products. You can see them here: http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/NA_roadway/safety/productcatalog/~/Roadway-Safety?N=3293989410+7566298+7584153+8695783+8694413&rt=r3
  
===Electronic===
+
==Electronic==
 +
3M made a bimodal, time-programmable lighted sign for roadways. They feature a regular sign on a backboard, with two sign flaps - each a quarter of the length of the sign and a quarter's length from each side end - so that when they're folded in they show one sign and when folded out they show another. It switches displays mechanically based on a time clock. One example of their usage would be an alternative for school zone beacons - they display a reduced school speed limit sign during school hours (when a traditional set of beacons would otherwise be flashing), and a generic school crossing sign during off hours (when the beacons would be off).
  
==License Plates==
+
=Other Traffic Products=
  
==Other Traffic Products==
+
==Opticom==
 +
The traffic opticom for emergency preempt is one of 3M's most common traffic products.
  
===Opticom===
+
==License Plates==
 +
Not directly related to traffic equipment, 3M is a leading manufacturer of license plates in the US. They created one of the first methods flat printed license plates, which many states have adopted today.

Latest revision as of 19:05, 29 October 2017

Work In Progress.png




This page is a work in progress!


Company History

From 1969 to 2007, 3M produced signals and adapters designed to enhance signal visibility to both drivers and pedestrians. Their most iconic and well-known product is the M-131.

Full Signals & Signal Inserts (M Series)

M-123 Programmable Visibility Traffic Signal

3M M-123 paired with an 8" Checker.
(Photos by Engine10.)

The M-123 was the first traffic signal ever made by 3M. They were most likely made a few years before 1969. It's original purpose was to have "high visibility"; more fully-lit and easier-to-see indications. It could also be used for "programmable visibility", which means the viewing area of the signal can be limited down to single lane.
This signal was a prototype. It is known as an early version of the M-131. The M-131 signals are nearly identical to these; 3M sold them to cities that liked the idea and wanted to test them out. 3M tested them and made improvements as they saw fit. Finally, 3M released their final product as the all-new M-131 signal and began expanding their product line.
The main visible difference is that the rear lamp door/housing was cone-shaped, unlike the M-131's more faceted version The M-123's doors had the 2 hinges on top and the 2 wingnuts on the bottom instead of on either side. M-123s didn't have latches to secure the lenses, so they were prone to falling out if the door was opened. The tilt adjusters were on the front corners of the signal housing instead of on the connector. Finally, they were sand-casted, and somewhat heavier than M-M-131s.
Lenses
These were available with the following lenses:

  • Red Ball
  • Yellow Ball
  • Green Ball
  • Green Arrow


M-123A Programmable Visibility Traffic Signal

M-131 Programmable Visibility Traffic Signal

3M M-131 signal
(Image by signal-in-the-box)
3M M-131 signal
(Image by signal-in-the-box)
3M M-131 signals
(Image by signal-in-the-box)
3M M-131 signals
(Image by signal-in-the-box)
3M Back
(Image by 3Mfanatic on YouTube)
3M 131 Marketing Photo
3M Inside
(Image by 3Mfanatic on YouTube)
Newer logo (left) compared to older logo (right)



Overview, Construction, Lenses, Masking Process, Uses/Advantages, Disadvantages


~Overview~


3M, the same company that makes well-known everyday products such as Scotch tape, entered the traffic control industry in 1969 with High-Visibility signals. These lights were unlike any other at the time in both design and operation. The most noticeable features are the square lenses and futuristic-looking housing. The also had special capabilities, such as High Visibility (giving a fuller, clearer indication) and, most notably, Programmable Visibility (being able to limit the viewing area to as little as a single lane). After modifying the M-123 prototype signal, 3M released the M-131 in 1969 and produced them until 2007 with only a few changes.



~Construction~


On the back of a 3M signal, there is a door; while most signals only have a front door, these signals are so large it is much easier to have two. This door serves as the access point and housing of the bulb. The bulb is a PAR 46 lamp, which has the filament and reflector all in one sealed piece, similar to those used in older car headlights and flood lights. The bulb is plugged into a socket back of the door, and is held in place with a metal retainer ring with a hinge and latch. While even in it's final years no LED lamps were offered by 3M, 3rd parties such as Leotek and Electro-Tech's did offer specialized LED lamps for programmable visibility signals. Using them may require the photocell dimming unit to be turned off, as they can't be dimmed like the PAR 46 bulbs. The photocell dimming unit is a light sensor which controls the brightness of the bulb depending on the outside brightness (bright daylight = maximum brightness, nighttime = low brightness). The back plug of the photocell dimming unit can be seen on the outside back of the signal, in the bottom right corner.
One the bottom right inside the door, there is a plug for the bulb which connects to the main housing. It only connects when the door is closed so the light turns off when the door is opened, preventing a service technician or anyone opening it from being blinded if the signal is still on. In the top right corner of the main housing behind the door, you will find the ID tag. The ID tag includes the serial number, of which each individual section of every signal had one.
Behind the door on the back of the main housing, there is a lens hole. In front of it, held on by two thumb screws, is a diffusing lens. This lens is what is responsible for distributing the light evenly, helping to give the 3M signal its clearer, brighter, "High Visibility" indication. Around the diffusing lens is an aluminum collar that extends outward, to give a more direct path for the light from the bulb to the lens.
Behind the diffuser, inside the hole, the is another lens. This one, called the optical limiter, is a clear lens. This is where the special optical masking tape (that comes with signal) is applied to limit the visibility.
Inside the signal's main housing from the front, there isn't too much to it. You can see the front of the optical limiter lens. Around the lens hole is where all of the wiring runs and connects to the terminal block. It is all covered by a wire shield held in by 2 screws (one on the top and one on the bottom), which is black like the inside of the housing. On the front of the signal is the door. This is a thin frame that has two hinges on the left side and two latches on the right. It holds the lens inside of it with four latches, one in each corner. Read more about the lenses below. On the front, it has four screw holes, one in each corner, where the visor is attached.
The top and bottom of each section have connectors where the wires run through. These also control the angle of tilt - due to the precise aiming required by 3M signals, each section must be tilted individually (and all sections should have the same degree of tilt). There are two bolts on each connector, one on each side, which are put into different holes to achieve specific degrees of tilt; there are 6 holes in a line on each side, starting at 0 and going to 10 in increments of two.
The signal housing, including the doors and visors, is made of aluminum. Signal color could be specified when ordering; options included yellow, green and black. There were some parts that were always the same color, though: the inside of the housing was always black; the door frame was always black; and the photocell dimmer plug was always yellow.

Some design issues were changed over the course of production. An incomplete list includes:

  • Dimmer - The photocell dimmer and associated wiring was changed to support a larger-wattage resistor, housed in the back door. The dimmer was changed from PCD-111 to PCD-111A.
  • Bulb Plug - The bulb plug connecting the back door to the main housing always had 3-prongs, but originally it only used 2 of them. When the larger-wattage resistor for the dimmer was added in the door, the 3rd prong was used for that connection.
  • Housing Mold - The corners (around the hinges) and support ridges (on the top and bottom at the front) were modified at some point.
  • Logo - 3M's logo, displayed on the back of the back door, was changed at some point.
  • Diffuser Lens Collar - The aluminum collar around the diffuser lens was originally longer, but not too long after production began it was shortened.
  • Main Lens Corners - Older lenses were formed and have round corners, while newer lenses were made completely square and then had the corners trimmed off.



~Lenses~


The lenses in 3M signals are unique in appearance because they're square, and they're even more unique in operation. The are made of plastic and have a frensel pattern on the inside. This greatly magnifies the light going through it, which is very important for the masking process. The black mask is printed on the inside, outside, or on both sides of the lens, and determined what shape it shows when illuminated. Also unlike typical lenses, these could be rotated (in increments of 90°, of course) as needed.
Older lenses were formed and have round corners, while newer lenses were made completely square and then had the corners trimmed off. All lenses had a number stamped onto the outer side, possibly a production run number, while they also had one on the inner side, possibly showing part number or revision of the fresnel design.


Here is the list of known lenses for M-131 signals:

3M M-131 with special weigh station lenses. Photo by Pyth.
Standard Special***
Balls
  • Red
  • Yellow
  • Green

Arrows (90°; Left, Right, Upwards, or Downwards*)

  • Red
  • Yellow
  • Green

Diagonal Arrows (45°; Leftward Rightward)

  • Red (long head)
  • Yellow (long head)
  • Green (long head)
  • Red (short head)**
  • Yellow (short head)**
  • Green (short head)**
Light Rail Symbols
  • Clear Straight Line (Vertical or Horizontal)
  • Clear Diagonal Line (Leftward or Rightward)
  • Clear Arrow (Left, Right, Upwards, or Downwards)
  • Clear "T"
  • Red "T"
  • Yellow "T"
  • Green "T"
  • Red "BUS"
  • Yellow "BUS"
  • Green "BUS"

Quebec Shapes

  • Red Square
  • Yellow Diamond

Special Worded

  • [There are a few known signals with custom-ordered worded lenses, often at weigh stations.]


* Downwards green arrows were only used for ramp metering
** Short head diagonal arrows are rare compared to the long head arrows, and their exact origin is unknown - it's believed they were an early version of 3M diagonal arrow
*** These are special lenses that were used occasionally in 3M signals, but were not standard



3M 131 Masking Demonstration
These images from the 3M masking video show the steps for masking a 3M signal for a single turn lane.
~Masking Process~


The masking process begins by looking straight through the optical limiter lens through the back of the signal. You can see the roadway that the signal is facing. Because it is a convex lens, the roadway will appear flipped 180°. With special optical masking tape that comes with the signal, you cover the areas of the road that you see through the lens for which you don't want the signal to be visible. Yes, it look all flipped around - but just like what you see through it is flipped, so will be the light that comes out, so it all works out in the end. The tape needs to be perfectly flat on the glass with no air bubbles to work properly. You can see videos explaining the masking process here (part 1) and here (part 2).
This works because the main front lens has a fresnel pattern. This greatly magnifies the the light behind it. So instead of just looking like a partly lit lens, you see a zoomed-in portion of that, either the lit or the masked part depending on where you are. Think of it like scrolling around on a zoomed in image.

3M M-131 signals shown from both viewing angles
(Image by signal-in-the-box)



~Uses/Advantages~


PROGRAMMABLE VISIBILITY

  • Viewing Area Limiting

With PV signals, you can limit the viewing area to anywhere from one approach at an intersection to a single lane at that approach. This is ideal for skewed intersections, where you could see the traffic signals of a different approach; turn signals, that cycle independently and might distract through traffic; divided intersections, where some lanes are signalized while others aren't; ramp metering, where each lane's signal cycles independently; and signals for bus/transit lanes, that might confuse vehicle traffic.
This is accomplished by applying optical masking tape to one or both sides of the optical limiter lenses. See more on the masking process above.

  • Viewing Distance Limiting

Another feature of these signals is the ability to limit the distance of the visibility. This is ideal for multiple intersections that are very close to each other. Drivers might look ahead and see signals showing green at the wrong intersection, which can cause confusion and accidents.
Distance limiting is accomplished by applying optical masking tape to the bottom of the optical limiter lens (it's applied to the bottom, not the top, because the light flips 180° when it travels through the lens). See more about the masking process above.

These images from the 3M promotional video compare the 3M signal display quality to that of a normal traffic signal

HIGH VISIBILITY

  • Fuller Indication

The 3M PV signal is also made to have fuller, clearer indications. The diffusing lens inside evenly distributes the lights, and the front lens has a fresnel pattern which magnifies the light and makes it appear even clearer.
There is no bulb "hot spot" on the lens. And since the whole lens is lit at its fullest, it can be seen better and from farther away (within the programmed visibility limits, of course).

  • No Sun Phantoming

Sun phantoming is a condition with traffic signals where the sun shines in through the lens, reflects of the reflectors and shines back out the lens, making all indications appear to be lit even when they aren't. This can be a serious problem at major intersections.
In a 3M signal, because it would have to go through 4 lenses (including the cover of the PAR 46 bulb), into the bulb's small reflector and back out, there is little opportunity for that to happen.



~Disadvantages~


  • 3M signals were far more expensive than regular traffic signals. To achieve visibility limiting, many places opted to simply attach louvers on their existing signals. Though they couldn't limit the visibility as extensively, and they also block some of the light output even for the direction they face.
  • 3M signals used PAR 46 bulbs, similar to those used in flood lights. They have shorter lives, higher temperatures, and are considerably more expensive than regular light bulbs.
  • 3M signals were also heavy; a 3-section 3M weighs around 65 pounds, 15 heavier than a typical traffic light. This made installation difficult. 3M made it slightly better by having a terminal block in every section instead of just one, so they could wire it it out through any section depending on how they are installed.
  • And, while 3M was the first to create such a signal, in more recent years (as early as 1997) they have had some competition. McCain Traffic and Intelight (previously OptiSoft) both make programmable visibility signals.
    The McCain PV Signal was developed in early 2000s, and is nearly identical in design to 3M PV signals. Many parts are interchangeable with the M-131 as well, including the Light Shield, Diffusing Lens, Masking Lens, Bulbs (LED or Incandescent), and Wire Terminals. McCain's PV signals use round lenses (overcoming one of the drawbacks to 3M's square lenses) and they use standard 12" visors which makes them easier to replace.
    Intelight signals are very different in design but utilize the latest LED technology, which makes far better in that regard.
    This competition is part of the reason behind declining sales which led to 3M dropping out of the traffic signal industry in 2007.



~Serial Numbers~


All 3M signals were given a serial number. A small decal, about 1" x 2" in size, was placed on the back of the housing inside the back door. A serial number was stamped onto this decal. Many lights were given sequential numbers for each head - i.e. Red would be "100", Yellow then "101", and Green "102". There were at least four versions of the decal, with the two common being known as the 'Old Style' and 'New Style'.

A list of known serial numbers owned by collectors can be found here.







M-131 Programmable Visibility Pedestrian Signal

3M M-131 Pedestrian Signal
(Image by signal-in-the-box)
3M M-131 Pedestrian Signal
(Image by signal-in-the-box)
3M M-131 Pedestrian Signal
(Image by signal-in-the-box)

This M-131 PV pedestrian signal is exactly the same as the M-131 vehicle signal, except with different lenses.

Lenses
The following lenses were available for these signals:

  • Portland Orange HAND Symbol
  • Lunar White MAN Symbol
  • Portland Orange "DONT WALK"
  • Lunar White "WALK"
  • Red "DONT WALK"
  • Green "WALK"


M-131R "Bimodal" (Shape-Changing) P.V. Traffic Signal

Different views that a driver could see approaching an M-131R lens.
(Image by coytll)
The M-131R signal
(Image by coyttl)
The M-131R lens from the inside
(Image by coyttl)

This is a unique signal; nothing quite like it has ever been made. It features what appears to be a ball indication from a distance, but as you get closer, it turns into an arrow. (3M called this a "bimodal" signal, though normally bimodal only refers to indications that change color.)

Here's how it works:
The portion of the ball surrounding the arrow on the lens features the normal 3M fresnel pattern to it, which magnifies the light. The arrow part, however, has a prismatic pattern, which reflects light out in every direction. Because of this, where the signal is masked off like normal and you can't see the ball, you can still see the arrow.
Unlike the PV signals, you don't want to limit the visibility; in fact, the purpose of this is to extend it (arrows can sometimes be difficult to see from far away, which is a problem this signal solves). Instead, the masking is done just to set the point of proximity at which the indication appears to change. This is done by applying masking tape to the top of the optical limiter lens, so that direct light does not shine out as you get close to the signal (since the light flips 180° as it passes through). Since only direct light can pass through in the ball area, that part appears dark. The arrow portion, with its prismatic texture, takes the light coming from the bottom of the lens and sends it out in all directions, so it can still be seen.
From far away, when the arrow and surrounding area are lit, it looks like a normal ball (though you may be able to see the faint outline of an arrow).

The housing of these signal sections are identical to the M-131 signals, except that they have different connectors. To get the right viewing angle, these signals must be mounted with a tilt angle of 0°. These connectors are at 0° and can't be adjusted.

Because of the specific horizontal-lined texture in the arrow, the lens would not work correctly if rotated (except for in 180° increments. Different lenses had to be made for turn arrows and vertical arrows. Here is a list of the known versions that were made:

  • Green Upwards Arrow + Ball
  • Red Turn Arrow + Ball

It is likely that left/right, upwards, left diagonal, and right diagonal versions in red or green could be custom-ordered, though none other than those listed are known to exist (most likely not in yellow for obvious reasons). 3M only advertised the green upwards arrow version, but the red turn arrow version exists (albeit rare) in California.




M-132 "Dynamic" (Indication-Changing) P.V. Pedestrian Signal

3M M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal
(Image by RYGDWW)
3M M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal
(Image by RYGDWW)
3M M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal
(Image by RYGDWW)
3M M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal
(Image by RYGDWW)
3M M-132 Dynamic Pedestrian Signal
(Image by RYGDWW)

---IN PROGRESS---


M-133 "Dual-Indication" (Color-Changing) P.V. Traffic Signal

The 3M "dual indication" signal is what would generally be called a Bimodal arrow by most people in the traffic industry. In one section, it can switch between a green and yellow arrow. While this would be accomplished with fiber-optics in normal signals, that would not work for programmable visibility signals, so 3M's system was much more complicated.
The M-133 housing was identical to that of the M-131 signal, with the exception of an extra attachment on the side that houses a motor. The signal is masked and the tilt is set in exactly the same way. The only difference is the way it functions.
The front arrow lens is clear. Insides the housing, where there would normally be empty space, is a round lens held in place by wheels that are attached to the motor. Half of it is green and half of it is yellow. There is a black cover behind the bottom half of the lens, so only one color is exposed at a time. When the protected turn phase starts, the light turns on with the green half of the lens showing. When the phase is over, the motor kicks in and quickly spins the lens so the yellow have is showing. The transition is fast and fairly smooth. After the yellow clearance phase is completed, the light goes out and the motor spins the lens (at a slower speed) back into the green position, awaiting the next arrow phase.


M-150 High Visibility Module

The M-150 System.
Image by User:Rich192
The M-150 System.
Image by User:Rich192
The M-150 System.
Image by User:Rich192
The M-150 System.
Image by User:Rich192

The 3M M-150 Lens & Reflector System was created by 3M to give regular 12" traffic signals some of the M-131 signal's features.
The M-150 is installed almost exactly like a modern LED module. The signal's original socket, reflectors & lens would be removed; the M-150 unit has all of those in it. The wires that went to the original socket are rewired to the back of the unit. It is then fitted into the door just like the lens was.
The front extended part is a dual diffusing lens (dome-shaped on the inside, cylinder-shaped on the outside). These inserts offered the High Visibility feature of the M-131 signal (having a fuller, brighter & clearer indication, compared to that of a typical incandescent signal). It did not have the Programmable Visibility feature, because the masking would have to be applied too close to the light source to have the proper effect. These were available in green, yellow, and red balls, and likely all color arrows as well.

DISCONTINUATION:
3M discontinued these early on, because they caused an effect called 'sun phantoming', which occurs when the sun shines through the lens and is reflected back out by the reflector, making it look like all indications are lit.

Adapters & Enlargers (SA Series)

SA-130 Programmable Visibility Adapter

SA-130A Programmable Visibility Adapter

An all-3M adaptor signal. (Image by busman_49)
The adapter.
A masked adapter.

3M never made full 8" traffic signals; however, they did make programmable visibility attachments that can be put on any normal 8" housing. They are mounted in the door, taking the place of the lens & visor, but it utilizes the existing reflector and bulb. A page showing how these attachments are installed can be found here.
The interior of these attachments is similar to that of 3M's 12" signals. It has a regular lens at the outside end, and a diffusing lens on the inside end. Unlike the 12" signals, though, there is no optical limiter lens (a clear lens where the optical masking tape is applied to limit the area of visibility), so the optical masking tape is put directly on the diffusing lens. It still works in the same way. Finally, on the end of these adapters, a small visor is attached. Without the visor, these adapters are about the same size as normal tunnel visors.

Lenses

  • Red Ball
  • Yellow Ball
  • Green Ball
  • Green Arrow

(Though they may have been a special order option, no yellow or red arrows are known to have existed.)

SA-810 Traffic Signal Enlarger

If enlargers need to be used on two consecutive sections of a signal (for example, the 2 green indications on a 4-section R–Y–G–GA signal), there would not be enough space. The SA-812 12" enlarger extends slightly over both sections around it in order to... well, enlarge... and you would not be able to fit a second one beneath it.
That is what the SA-810 is for; it is designed specifically to fit under an SA-812. It is almost exactly the same as the SA-812, except that it bends down at the top (instead of up) to fit beneath and match the curvature of the other one. Because of the height limitation, the lens is only 10"x12". And due to that irregular size, they were only available with green left or right arrows. Horizontal arrows are the only indications that would be able to fit while remaining the correct size.
The name of this product means "Signal Adaptor - 8 inch to 10 inch"

SA-812 Traffic Signal Enlarger

Patented on December 17 1973, this enlarger unit converts a typical 8" signal indication to a 12" indication. The enlarger mounts where the visor would go on the signal's door. It is essentially a box that expands around an 8-inch lens to fit a door with a 12-inch lens.
The signal's original 8-inch lens is replaced with a glass diffusing lens. The enlarger is attached in the place of the visor using the visor's screws. It is octagon-shaped where it attaches to the door; as it extends outward, the slanted sides (which are triangle-shaped) become the corners of the square-shaped front. A square lens slides into the lens holder/front door of the unit, which has a 12" circular hole for the indication to shine through. The door then simply slides into place on the front of the enlarger.
With this setup, the light shines through the 8" lens, into the enlarger and out the 12" lens, generating a larger and more visible indication with the same amount of light and without having to replace the signal.
3M specifically noted that these enlargers would not fit Eagle Durasig signals or any TSI signals. They offered special clips needed when mounting on Crouse-Hinds signals.
The name of this product means "Signal Adaptor - 8 inch to 12 inch"

SA-810 Pedestrian Signal Enlarger

This enlarger uses the same body as the SA-810 with the lens & door of a SA-910.

The name of this product means "Signal Adapter - 8 inch to 10 inch WALK"

SA-812 Pedestrian Signal Enlarger

This enlarger uses the same body as the SA-812 with the lens & door of a SA-912.

The name of this product means "Signal Adapter - 8 inch to 12 inch DONT WALK"

SA-910 Pedestrian Signal Enlarger

This enlarger is for the WALK section of a pedestrian signal. The SA-912 is for the DONT WALK section.

This enlarger section has a 10"x12" lens. It is smaller because it needs to fit beneath the SA-912 adaptor on a pedestrian signal. The SA-912 (DONT WALK), which is a full 12"x12", extends slightly over the WALK section. In order to match the curvature, the top of this adaptor bends downward, instead of upward like the SA-912. Other than that, they are exactly the same.
The DONT WALK indication needs to be largest because it has two lines of text, and the WALK indication only has one. In a normal signal, the DONT WALK and WALK lenses are the same size, and the WALK has blank space on the top and bottom. That extra space could be cut off and the WALK indication would remain the correct size, which is essentially what was done with these.
Like the SA-912, this adaptor is attached where the visor would go on a signal, using the visors screws. The original lens is replaced with a clear or colored plastic diffusing lens. The outer lens, a plastic frensel lens that says WALK in 4½" white lettering, is displayed on the front of the adaptor.
The name of this product means "Signal Adaptor - 9 inch to 10 inch"

SA-912 Pedestrian Signal Enlarger

This enlarger is for the DONT WALK section of a pedestrian signal. The SA-910 is for the WALK section.

The enlarger mounts where the visor would go on the signal's door. It is essentially a box that expands around a 9-inch lens to fit a door with a 12-inch lens.
The signal's original 9-inch lens is replaced with a clear or colored plastic diffusing lens. The enlarger is attached in the place of the visor using the visor's screws. It is square-shaped at both ends. A square DONT WALK plastic frensel lens with red 4½" lettering slides into the lens holder/front door of the unit, which acts as a frame for the lens. There is a lip around the inside edge of the door frame, to which the new visor attaches. The door then simply slides into place on the front of the enlarger.
With this setup, the light shines through the diffusing lens, into the enlarger and out the 12" lens, generating a larger and more visible indication with the same amount of light and without having to replace the pedestrian signal.
3M offered specific versions of these adaptors with slightly different attachments to fit Marbelite and Econolite pedestrian signals.
The name of this product means "Signal Adaptor - 9 inch to 12 inch"


'''NEED TO BE SORTED''' Signal Enlargers Signal enlarges are attachments mounted on a signal door that expand to fit a larger lens. Around the early 60s, larger signal indications were becoming more popular because visibility was becoming a greater concern. Installing enlargers on a signal was cheaper and easier than replacing it.<br> 3M made 3 lines of signal enlargers; for vehicle signals, round-lens pedestrian signals, and square-lens pedestrian signals. They were all reprimanded for not being built to 3M's strength & quality standards; they were made of thin, lightweight folded sheetmetal with many unsealsed slots on the corners and along the sides. They were mounted in the place of a signal's visor, using the exact same attachments. <u><center>Vehicle Signal to Vehicle Signal</center></u> [[File:3M-Vehicle-to-Vehicle-enlargers.png|top|250px|thumb|right|This image is from the 1975 3M catalog in the [http://signal-archive.d-domains.net/index.php?get_action=open_file&repository_id=848aab5691d621694ec96206dc2b69ca&file=%2F3M%2F3M%2012_'_'%20Signal%20Adapter%20%20SA%20Family%20%20Installation.pdf| document archive] shows the 812 (top) & 810 (bottom) enlargers.]] [[File:3M-enlargers-diagram.png|top|275px|thumb|left|Diagram of SA-812 from the [http://signal-archive.d-domains.net/index.php?get_action=open_file&repository_id=848aab5691d621694ec96206dc2b69ca&file=%2F3M%2F3M%2012_'_'%20Signal%20Adapter%20%20SA%20Family%20%20Installation.pdf| document archive] ]] [[File:Marb3Menlarger1.jpg|top|275px|thumb|left|This is an SA-812, picture from http://www.trafficsignalmuseum.com/]] These were made to convert the display of typical 8" signals to that of a 12" signal. <u><center>Vehicle Signal to Pedestrian Signal</center></u> Though the 3M catalog specifically says these "''are adapters to enlarge 8" vehicle signals to 12" pedestrian signals''", they were most likely designed for round-lens [[Glossary#WAIT-WALK Pedestrian Signal|WAIT-WALK]] pedestrian signals (which used the same housing as vehicle signals). <br> <u><center>Pedestrian Signal to Pedestrian Signal</center></u> [[File:3M-ped-enlargers-diagram.png|top|275px|thumb|left|Diagram of SA-912 from the [http://signal-archive.d-domains.net/index.php?get_action=open_file&repository_id=848aab5691d621694ec96206dc2b69ca&file=%2F3M%2F3M%2012_'_'%20Signal%20Adapter%20%20SA%20Family%20%20Installation.pdf| document archive's] 3M 1975 catalog.<br>If you notice, this image has 2 mistakes; the dotted signal behind it is a vehicle signal (instead of a pedestrian signal), and the back of the enlarger has an octagon shape (instead of square).]] [[File:3m ped enlargers 2.jpg|top|300px|thumb|right|3M 910 & 912 Enlargers. They are mounted on an [[Eagle]] Flatback pedestrian signal.]] [[File:3M-ped-to-ped-enlargers.jpg|top|200px|link=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Committee-hears-testimony-on-tolls-cameras-4307583.php#photo-2547822|thumb|left|This image from http://www.stamfordadvocate.com shows a pedestrian signal with 3M 912 & 910 enlargers in Washington D.C.<br>The signal has since been removed.]] [[File:3m ped enlargers 1.jpg|200px|thumb|right|3M 910 & 912 Enlargers]] [[File:3m_007_SSS.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The SA-910 diffusing lens (bottom) next to a normal 9" lens (top), which it would replace.]] These were made to convert the display of typical 9" pedestrian signals to that of a 12" pedestrian signal.



Concept Products (Never Commercially Produced)

M-XXX "Dual-Indication" P.V. Signal

M-XXX "Bimodal Doghouse" P.V. Signal

This signal had the same function as a doghouse, but in a 3-section signal. The top section was a red ball, the middle section was a 'maunual' bimodal yellow ball/arrow, and the bottom section was a 'manual' bimodal green ball/arrow. The 'manual' bimodal was different from the M-131R bimodal because it switched from arrow to ball manually, not based on proximity.
Nothing is known about have it worked. It likely never made it past the experimental phase, and was never sold on the market.

PC-310 Signal Intensity Control System

Nothing is known about this device. It was likely never sold on the market.
Because of the name, it may possibly have been a system for similar to the M-131's photocell dimmer unit, which changes the brightness of the signal depending on the brightness outside.



Signs

Reflective

3M is a leader in the industry of reflective signage and sheeting, in addition to many other road products. You can see them here: http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/NA_roadway/safety/productcatalog/~/Roadway-Safety?N=3293989410+7566298+7584153+8695783+8694413&rt=r3

Electronic

3M made a bimodal, time-programmable lighted sign for roadways. They feature a regular sign on a backboard, with two sign flaps - each a quarter of the length of the sign and a quarter's length from each side end - so that when they're folded in they show one sign and when folded out they show another. It switches displays mechanically based on a time clock. One example of their usage would be an alternative for school zone beacons - they display a reduced school speed limit sign during school hours (when a traditional set of beacons would otherwise be flashing), and a generic school crossing sign during off hours (when the beacons would be off).

Other Traffic Products

Opticom

The traffic opticom for emergency preempt is one of 3M's most common traffic products.

License Plates

Not directly related to traffic equipment, 3M is a leading manufacturer of license plates in the US. They created one of the first methods flat printed license plates, which many states have adopted today.